(RTX BBN Technologies: Cambridge, MA) -- RTX BBN Technologies is developing compact, low-power, deployable photonic sensors that will provide users with better awareness of environmental elements critical to their missions with greater than 10 times the precision of current sensors. This new capability will have widespread defense and commercial applicability, disrupting fields such as LiDAR, fiber-based sensing, biosensing, system and network monitoring, navigation, and communications.

As part of DARPA’s Intensity Squeezed Photonic Integration with Revolutionary Detection (INSPIRED) program, the BBN-led team will deliver a prototype photonic chip that uses exotic quantum states of squeezed light to achieve its goals.

The successful delivery of this custom-designed prototype requires the team to push detection sensitivity 16 dB below the fundamental “shot noise” limit, which imposes a strict bound on the sensitivity of conventional sensors that are not equipped to take advantage of the unique quantum properties of light.

“Light is a powerful tool that finds widespread use in sensors like LiDAR (light detection and ranging) for mapping, autonomous navigation, and more,” says Mo Soltani, BBN principal investigator on the effort. “But today’s sensors are limited by the randomness inherent in the way light fluctuates. Imagine that you have a light source, and you’re counting the photons arriving at a detector every second. Because of the quantum nature of light, the number of photons you count each second will vary, even if your source is perfectly stable.” This variation in detection, known as shot noise, limits how precisely a sensor can use light to probe its surroundings.

To overcome this problem, the team’s chip-scale detector will use quantum mechanics to fine-tune the light it generates. “Our device minimizes the photon noise by ‘squeezing’ the light source—suppressing certain kinds of quantum fluctuations while augmenting others,” says Michael Grace, a quantum information scientist at BBN involved in the project. “This lets us focus on extracting the information embedded in a specific photonic property of interest without being limited by shot noise.”

Using squeezed light to increase the precision of photon measurements has been proven in meter-scale laboratory experiments and kilometer-scale gravitational wave facilities. The team will use its expertise in photonic integrated circuits and quantum measurement devices to achieve the design and fabrication innovations required to transfer squeezed light capabilities to a fieldable, millimeter-scale detector for detection across a wide frequency range of 100 MHz to 10 GHz.

Additionally, BBN will use its proficiency in systems integration to manage a team that includes leading quantum and photonic experts from Xanadu Quantum, the University of Maryland (Saikat Guha), and the Photonics group of Raytheon’s Advanced Technology division in San Diego. The team brings robust capabilities in quantum sensor design, squeezing and subshot noise detection, quantum photonic testing and chip packaging, and rapid prototyping of compact RF-synthesizer modules.

“Improving the accuracy, sensitivity, resolution, and efficiency of fielded sensors makes them more effective in a wide range of applications, from mapping and surveying to autonomous navigation and obstacle detection,” says Soltani. “All of that translates to better information to use in decision making.”

Work on this contract is being performed in Cambridge, Massachusetts; San Diego; College Park, Maryland; and Toronto.