The 2024 U.S. presidential election is shaping up to be one of the closest in recent history, with Kamala Harris and Donald Trump locked in a dead heat in many polls. This razor-thin margin amplifies the effect of even small demographic changes, such as those driven by the recent surge in remote work.

Research by the European nonpartisan Centre for Economic Policy Research shows that the flexibility offered by remote jobs has allowed people from traditionally Democratic urban centers to relocate to more affordable suburban or even rural areas, many of which lean Republican or fall in swing states. These shifts inevitably affect voter profiles in battleground states, potentially influencing who wins in these high-stakes regions.

The remote work revolution has brought a level of geographic mobility not seen in decades. Census data shows that the percentage of Americans working primarily from home has quadrupled in three years, while the rate of state-to-state moves has increased more than 12% since 2019. Freed from the requirement of daily commuting, many workers are choosing to leave high-cost, left-leaning states and cities such as California, New York, and Chicago, and instead settle in states where housing prices are generally lower and taxes more favorable.

Politically, these migration patterns are significant. Remote work opportunities are disproportionately clustered in left-leaning cities and metropolitan hubs. Many of those moving out of left-leaning urban centers to suburban or rural areas—often in politically red or purple states—are bringing their voting preferences with them. If even a small percentage of new residents vote along the lines of their previous state’s tendencies, it could shift the political dynamics, especially in close races where margins are often minimal.

This migration has already begun to make an impact in key swing states. Florida and Georgia, both red-leaning states, are experiencing demographic shifts that could shift their political leaning. In Texas, another historically red state, an influx of new residents from more progressive areas has made its political future less certain. In states like Arizona, Nevada, and Pennsylvania, which were pivotal in determining the last election, these shifts add yet another layer of unpredictability. Migration trends could have an immediate impact in these states, where even slight changes in voter turnout or preferences could have outsize consequences.

Nothing is sure

It’s important to recognize that demographic shifts don’t always translate to predictable voting behavior. Some newcomers may gravitate toward communities that already align with their political leanings, while others may gradually adapt to the political environment of their new location.

Nevertheless, the current migration trends, accelerated by the widespread adoption of remote work, suggest that the electorate in these battleground states will be significantly different from what it was in 2020. This creates a challenge for political campaigns that now need to account for an increasingly mobile electorate with motivations and preferences that aren’t as easily defined by geography.

The influence of remote work on the political landscape extends beyond presidential elections. As more Americans leave city centers for nearby suburbs, local and congressional races are also affected. The so-called “donut effect”—the tendency of people to move out of dense city centers to suburban or even rural areas—is causing shifts within metropolitan regions that could affect the makeup of congressional districts and local elections. In traditionally Democratic strongholds like New York City and San Francisco, there is a notable exodus from the urban core to suburban or exurban areas. Such a reshaping of the voter base could turn suburban areas from purple to blue, while in other regions it may consolidate right-leaning voters. These movements could ultimately alter the political balance in local races, congressional districts, and perhaps even in future state-level elections.

New demographic

As remote work-driven mobility continues, it’s giving rise to a new kind of voter demographic. These are Americans who can now prioritize quality of life, affordability, and personal values over workplace proximity, and this mobility is increasingly leading them to areas with different political landscapes. Younger workers are especially prominent among this group, because they are more likely to work in industries that support remote or hybrid arrangements and have shown a greater willingness to prioritize lifestyle over job location. Political parties will likely need to tailor their strategies to appeal to these geographically diverse, often ideologically mixed voters who could affect state and national elections in the years to come.

The 2024 election is shaping up to be a referendum on many issues. But the influence of remote work is an often overlooked factor that may nonetheless determine the outcome. As both parties vie for an advantage in battleground states, tracking these shifting voter patterns will be crucial. From Florida’s changing suburbs to Texas’ diversifying population, remote work-driven migration will likely remain a key factor in America’s political landscape. Politics in the U.S. is entering a new era, one where voters are more mobile, less predictable, and where the influence of traditional party strongholds may be slowly giving way to a more fluid and dynamic political environment.

The 2024 election may be the first to reveal just how much remote work has transformed the political landscape in America. But it is unlikely to be the last.